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<h1>pcre2jit man page</h1>
<p>
Return to the <a href="index.html">PCRE2 index page</a>.
</p>
<p>
This page is part of the PCRE2 HTML documentation. It was generated
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please consult the man page, in case the conversion went wrong.
<br>
<ul>
<li><a name="TOC1" href="#SEC1">PCRE2 JUST-IN-TIME COMPILER SUPPORT</a>
<li><a name="TOC2" href="#SEC2">AVAILABILITY OF JIT SUPPORT</a>
<li><a name="TOC3" href="#SEC3">SIMPLE USE OF JIT</a>
<li><a name="TOC4" href="#SEC4">MATCHING SUBJECTS CONTAINING INVALID UTF</a>
<li><a name="TOC5" href="#SEC5">UNSUPPORTED OPTIONS AND PATTERN ITEMS</a>
<li><a name="TOC6" href="#SEC6">RETURN VALUES FROM JIT MATCHING</a>
<li><a name="TOC7" href="#SEC7">CONTROLLING THE JIT STACK</a>
<li><a name="TOC8" href="#SEC8">JIT STACK FAQ</a>
<li><a name="TOC9" href="#SEC9">FREEING JIT SPECULATIVE MEMORY</a>
<li><a name="TOC10" href="#SEC10">EXAMPLE CODE</a>
<li><a name="TOC11" href="#SEC11">JIT FAST PATH API</a>
<li><a name="TOC12" href="#SEC12">SEE ALSO</a>
<li><a name="TOC13" href="#SEC13">AUTHOR</a>
<li><a name="TOC14" href="#SEC14">REVISION</a>
</ul>
<h2><a name="SEC1" href="#TOC1">PCRE2 JUST-IN-TIME COMPILER SUPPORT</a></h2>
<p>
Just-in-time compiling is a heavyweight optimization that can greatly speed up
pattern matching. However, it comes at the cost of extra processing before the
match is performed, so it is of most benefit when the same pattern is going to
be matched many times. This does not necessarily mean many calls of a matching
function; if the pattern is not anchored, matching attempts may take place many
times at various positions in the subject, even for a single call. Therefore,
if the subject string is very long, it may still pay to use JIT even for
one-off matches. JIT support is available for all of the 8-bit, 16-bit and
32-bit PCRE2 libraries.
</p>
<p>
JIT support applies only to the traditional Perl-compatible matching function.
It does not apply when the DFA matching function is being used. The code for
JIT support was written by Zoltan Herczeg.
</p>
<h2><a name="SEC2" href="#TOC1">AVAILABILITY OF JIT SUPPORT</a></h2>
<p>
JIT support is an optional feature of PCRE2. The "configure" option
--enable-jit (or equivalent CMake option) must be set when PCRE2 is built if
you want to use JIT. The support is limited to the following hardware
platforms:
<pre>
  ARM 32-bit (v7, and Thumb2)
  ARM 64-bit
  IBM s390x 64 bit
  Intel x86 32-bit and 64-bit
  LoongArch 64 bit
  MIPS 32-bit and 64-bit
  Power PC 32-bit and 64-bit
  RISC-V 32-bit and 64-bit
</pre>
If --enable-jit is set on an unsupported platform, compilation fails.
</p>
<p>
A client program can tell if JIT support has been compiled by calling
<b>pcre2_config()</b> with the PCRE2_CONFIG_JIT option. The result is one if
PCRE2 was built with JIT support, and zero otherwise. However, having the JIT
code available does not guarantee that it will be used for any particular
match. One reason for this is that there are a number of options and pattern
items that are
<a href="#unsupported">not supported by JIT</a>
(see below). Another reason is that in some environments JIT is unable to get
executable memory in which to build its compiled code. The only guarantee from
<b>pcre2_config()</b> is that if it returns zero, JIT will definitely <i>not</i>
be used.
</p>
<p>
As of release 10.45 there is a more informative way to test for JIT support. If
<b>pcre2_compile_jit()</b> is called with the single option PCRE2_JIT_TEST_ALLOC
it returns zero if JIT is available and has a working allocator. Otherwise it
returns PCRE2_ERROR_NOMEMORY if JIT is available but cannot allocate executable
memory, or PCRE2_ERROR_JIT_UNSUPPORTED if JIT support is not compiled. The
code argument is ignored, so it can be a NULL value.
</p>
<p>
A simple program does not need to check availability in order to use JIT when
possible. The API is implemented in a way that falls back to the interpretive
code if JIT is not available or cannot be used for a given match. For programs
that need the best possible performance, there is a
<a href="#fastpath">"fast path"</a>
API that is JIT-specific.
</p>
<h2><a name="SEC3" href="#TOC1">SIMPLE USE OF JIT</a></h2>
<p>
To make use of the JIT support in the simplest way, all you have to do is to
call <b>pcre2_jit_compile()</b> after successfully compiling a pattern with
<b>pcre2_compile()</b>. This function has two arguments: the first is the
compiled pattern pointer that was returned by <b>pcre2_compile()</b>, and the
second is zero or more of the following option bits: PCRE2_JIT_COMPLETE,
PCRE2_JIT_PARTIAL_HARD, or PCRE2_JIT_PARTIAL_SOFT.
</p>
<p>
If JIT support is not available, a call to <b>pcre2_jit_compile()</b> does
nothing and returns PCRE2_ERROR_JIT_BADOPTION. Otherwise, the compiled pattern
is passed to the JIT compiler, which turns it into machine code that executes
much faster than the normal interpretive code, but yields exactly the same
results. The returned value from <b>pcre2_jit_compile()</b> is zero on success,
or a negative error code.
</p>
<p>
There is a limit to the size of pattern that JIT supports, imposed by the size
of machine stack that it uses. The exact rules are not documented because they
may change at any time, in particular, when new optimizations are introduced.
If a pattern is too big, a call to <b>pcre2_jit_compile()</b> returns
PCRE2_ERROR_NOMEMORY.
</p>
<p>
PCRE2_JIT_COMPLETE requests the JIT compiler to generate code for complete
matches. If you want to run partial matches using the PCRE2_PARTIAL_HARD or
PCRE2_PARTIAL_SOFT options of <b>pcre2_match()</b>, you should set one or both
of the other options as well as, or instead of PCRE2_JIT_COMPLETE. The JIT
compiler generates different optimized code for each of the three modes
(normal, soft partial, hard partial). When <b>pcre2_match()</b> is called, the
appropriate code is run if it is available. Otherwise, the pattern is matched
using interpretive code.
</p>
<p>
You can call <b>pcre2_jit_compile()</b> multiple times for the same compiled
pattern. It does nothing if it has previously compiled code for any of the
option bits. For example, you can call it once with PCRE2_JIT_COMPLETE and
(perhaps later, when you find you need partial matching) again with
PCRE2_JIT_COMPLETE and PCRE2_JIT_PARTIAL_HARD. This time it will ignore
PCRE2_JIT_COMPLETE and just compile code for partial matching. If
<b>pcre2_jit_compile()</b> is called with no option bits set, it immediately
returns zero. This is an alternative way of testing whether JIT support has
been compiled.
</p>
<p>
At present, it is not possible to free JIT compiled code except when the entire
compiled pattern is freed by calling <b>pcre2_code_free()</b>.
</p>
<p>
In some circumstances you may need to call additional functions. These are
described in the section entitled
<a href="#stackcontrol">"Controlling the JIT stack"</a>
below.
</p>
<p>
There are some <b>pcre2_match()</b> options that are not supported by JIT, and
there are also some pattern items that JIT cannot handle. Details are given
<a href="#unsupported">below.</a>
In both cases, matching automatically falls back to the interpretive code. If
you want to know whether JIT was actually used for a particular match, you
should arrange for a JIT callback function to be set up as described in the
section entitled
<a href="#stackcontrol">"Controlling the JIT stack"</a>
below, even if you do not need to supply a non-default JIT stack. Such a
callback function is called whenever JIT code is about to be obeyed. If the
match-time options are not right for JIT execution, the callback function is
not obeyed.
</p>
<p>
If the JIT compiler finds an unsupported item, no JIT data is generated. You
can find out if JIT compilation was successful for a compiled pattern by
calling <b>pcre2_pattern_info()</b> with the PCRE2_INFO_JITSIZE option. A
non-zero result means that JIT compilation was successful. A result of 0 means
that JIT support is not available, or the pattern was not processed by
<b>pcre2_jit_compile()</b>, or the JIT compiler was not able to handle the
pattern. Successful JIT compilation does not, however, guarantee the use of JIT
at match time because there are some match time options that are not supported
by JIT.
</p>
<h2><a name="SEC4" href="#TOC1">MATCHING SUBJECTS CONTAINING INVALID UTF</a></h2>
<p>
When a pattern is compiled with the PCRE2_UTF option, subject strings are
normally expected to be a valid sequence of UTF code units. By default, this is
checked at the start of matching and an error is generated if invalid UTF is
detected. The PCRE2_NO_UTF_CHECK option can be passed to <b>pcre2_match()</b> to
skip the check (for improved performance) if you are sure that a subject string
is valid. If this option is used with an invalid string, the result is
undefined. The calling program may crash or loop or otherwise misbehave.
</p>
<p>
However, a way of running matches on strings that may contain invalid UTF
sequences is available. Calling <b>pcre2_compile()</b> with the
PCRE2_MATCH_INVALID_UTF option has two effects: it tells the interpreter in
<b>pcre2_match()</b> to support invalid UTF, and, if <b>pcre2_jit_compile()</b>
is subsequently called, the compiled JIT code also supports invalid UTF.
Details of how this support works, in both the JIT and the interpretive cases,
is given in the
<a href="pcre2unicode.html"><b>pcre2unicode</b></a>
documentation.
</p>
<p>
There is also an obsolete option for <b>pcre2_jit_compile()</b> called
PCRE2_JIT_INVALID_UTF, which currently exists only for backward compatibility.
It is superseded by the <b>pcre2_compile()</b> option PCRE2_MATCH_INVALID_UTF
and should no longer be used. It may be removed in future.
<a name="unsupported"></a></p>
<h2><a name="SEC5" href="#TOC1">UNSUPPORTED OPTIONS AND PATTERN ITEMS</a></h2>
<p>
The <b>pcre2_match()</b> options that are supported for JIT matching are
PCRE2_COPY_MATCHED_SUBJECT, PCRE2_NOTBOL, PCRE2_NOTEOL, PCRE2_NOTEMPTY,
PCRE2_NOTEMPTY_ATSTART, PCRE2_NO_UTF_CHECK, PCRE2_PARTIAL_HARD, and
PCRE2_PARTIAL_SOFT. The PCRE2_ANCHORED and PCRE2_ENDANCHORED options are not
supported at match time.
</p>
<p>
If the PCRE2_NO_JIT option is passed to <b>pcre2_match()</b> it disables the
use of JIT, forcing matching by the interpreter code.
</p>
<p>
The only unsupported pattern items are \C (match a single data unit) when
running in a UTF mode, and a callout immediately before an assertion condition
in a conditional group.
</p>
<h2><a name="SEC6" href="#TOC1">RETURN VALUES FROM JIT MATCHING</a></h2>
<p>
When a pattern is matched using JIT, the return values are the same as those
given by the interpretive <b>pcre2_match()</b> code, with the addition of one
new error code: PCRE2_ERROR_JIT_STACKLIMIT. This means that the memory used for
the JIT stack was insufficient. See
<a href="#stackcontrol">"Controlling the JIT stack"</a>
below for a discussion of JIT stack usage.
</p>
<p>
The error code PCRE2_ERROR_MATCHLIMIT is returned by the JIT code if searching
a very large pattern tree goes on for too long, as it is in the same
circumstance when JIT is not used, but the details of exactly what is counted
are not the same. The PCRE2_ERROR_DEPTHLIMIT error code is never returned
when JIT matching is used.
<a name="stackcontrol"></a></p>
<h2><a name="SEC7" href="#TOC1">CONTROLLING THE JIT STACK</a></h2>
<p>
When the compiled JIT code runs, it needs a block of memory to use as a stack.
By default, it uses 32KiB on the machine stack. However, some large or
complicated patterns need more than this. The error PCRE2_ERROR_JIT_STACKLIMIT
is given when there is not enough stack. Three functions are provided for
managing blocks of memory for use as JIT stacks. There is further discussion
about the use of JIT stacks in the section entitled
<a href="#stackfaq">"JIT stack FAQ"</a>
below.
</p>
<p>
The <b>pcre2_jit_stack_create()</b> function creates a JIT stack. Its arguments
are a starting size, a maximum size, and a general context (for memory
allocation functions, or NULL for standard memory allocation). It returns a
pointer to an opaque structure of type <b>pcre2_jit_stack</b>, or NULL if there
is an error. The <b>pcre2_jit_stack_free()</b> function is used to free a stack
that is no longer needed. If its argument is NULL, this function returns
immediately, without doing anything. (For the technically minded: the address
space is allocated by mmap or VirtualAlloc.) A maximum stack size of 512KiB to
1MiB should be more than enough for any pattern.
</p>
<p>
The <b>pcre2_jit_stack_assign()</b> function specifies which stack JIT code
should use. Its arguments are as follows:
<pre>
  pcre2_match_context  *mcontext
  pcre2_jit_callback    callback
  void                 *data
</pre>
The first argument is a pointer to a match context. When this is subsequently
passed to a matching function, its information determines which JIT stack is
used. If this argument is NULL, the function returns immediately, without doing
anything. There are three cases for the values of the other two options:
<pre>
  (1) If <i>callback</i> is NULL and <i>data</i> is NULL, an internal 32KiB block
      on the machine stack is used. This is the default when a match
      context is created.

  (2) If <i>callback</i> is NULL and <i>data</i> is not NULL, <i>data</i> must be
      a pointer to a valid JIT stack, the result of calling
      <b>pcre2_jit_stack_create()</b>.

  (3) If <i>callback</i> is not NULL, it must point to a function that is
      called with <i>data</i> as an argument at the start of matching, in
      order to set up a JIT stack. If the return from the callback
      function is NULL, the internal 32KiB stack is used; otherwise the
      return value must be a valid JIT stack, the result of calling
      <b>pcre2_jit_stack_create()</b>.
</pre>
A callback function is obeyed whenever JIT code is about to be run; it is not
obeyed when <b>pcre2_match()</b> is called with options that are incompatible
for JIT matching. A callback function can therefore be used to determine
whether a match operation was executed by JIT or by the interpreter.
</p>
<p>
You may safely use the same JIT stack for more than one pattern (either by
assigning directly or by callback), as long as the patterns are matched
sequentially in the same thread. Currently, the only way to set up
non-sequential matches in one thread is to use callouts: if a callout function
starts another match, that match must use a different JIT stack to the one used
for currently suspended match(es).
</p>
<p>
In a multithread application, if you do not specify a JIT stack, or if you
assign or pass back NULL from a callback, that is thread-safe, because each
thread has its own machine stack. However, if you assign or pass back a
non-NULL JIT stack, this must be a different stack for each thread so that the
application is thread-safe.
</p>
<p>
Strictly speaking, even more is allowed. You can assign the same non-NULL stack
to a match context that is used by any number of patterns, as long as they are
not used for matching by multiple threads at the same time. For example, you
could use the same stack in all compiled patterns, with a global mutex in the
callback to wait until the stack is available for use. However, this is an
inefficient solution, and not recommended.
</p>
<p>
This is a suggestion for how a multithreaded program that needs to set up
non-default JIT stacks might operate:
<pre>
  During thread initialization
    thread_local_var = pcre2_jit_stack_create(...)

  During thread exit
    pcre2_jit_stack_free(thread_local_var)

  Use a one-line callback function
    return thread_local_var
</pre>
All the functions described in this section do nothing if JIT is not available.
<a name="stackfaq"></a></p>
<h2><a name="SEC8" href="#TOC1">JIT STACK FAQ</a></h2>
<p>
(1) Why do we need JIT stacks?
<br>
<br>
PCRE2 (and JIT) is a recursive, depth-first engine, so it needs a stack where
the local data of the current node is pushed before checking its child nodes.
Allocating real machine stack on some platforms is difficult. For example, the
stack chain needs to be updated every time if we extend the stack on PowerPC.
Although it is possible, its updating time overhead decreases performance. So
we do the recursion in memory.
</p>
<p>
(2) Why don't we simply allocate blocks of memory with <b>malloc()</b>?
<br>
<br>
Modern operating systems have a nice feature: they can reserve an address space
instead of allocating memory. We can safely allocate memory pages inside this
address space, so the stack could grow without moving memory data (this is
important because of pointers). Thus we can allocate 1MiB address space, and
use only a single memory page (usually 4KiB) if that is enough. However, we can
still grow up to 1MiB anytime if needed.
</p>
<p>
(3) Who "owns" a JIT stack?
<br>
<br>
The owner of the stack is the user program, not the JIT studied pattern or
anything else. The user program must ensure that if a stack is being used by
<b>pcre2_match()</b>, (that is, it is assigned to a match context that is passed
to the pattern currently running), that stack must not be used by any other
threads (to avoid overwriting the same memory area). The best practice for
multithreaded programs is to allocate a stack for each thread, and return this
stack through the JIT callback function.
</p>
<p>
(4) When should a JIT stack be freed?
<br>
<br>
You can free a JIT stack at any time, as long as it will not be used by
<b>pcre2_match()</b> again. When you assign the stack to a match context, only a
pointer is set. There is no reference counting or any other magic. You can free
compiled patterns, contexts, and stacks in any order, anytime.
Just <i>do not</i> call <b>pcre2_match()</b> with a match context pointing to an
already freed stack, as that will cause SEGFAULT. (Also, do not free a stack
currently used by <b>pcre2_match()</b> in another thread). You can also replace
the stack in a context at any time when it is not in use. You should free the
previous stack before assigning a replacement.
</p>
<p>
(5) Should I allocate/free a stack every time before/after calling
<b>pcre2_match()</b>?
<br>
<br>
No, because this is too costly in terms of resources. However, you could
implement some clever idea which release the stack if it is not used in let's
say two minutes. The JIT callback can help to achieve this without keeping a
list of patterns.
</p>
<p>
(6) OK, the stack is for long term memory allocation. But what happens if a
pattern causes stack overflow with a stack of 1MiB? Is that 1MiB kept until the
stack is freed?
<br>
<br>
Especially on embedded systems, it might be a good idea to release memory
sometimes without freeing the stack. There is no API for this at the moment.
Probably a function call which returns with the currently allocated memory for
any stack and another which allows releasing memory (shrinking the stack) would
be a good idea if someone needs this.
</p>
<p>
(7) This is too much of a headache. Isn't there any better solution for JIT
stack handling?
<br>
<br>
No, thanks to Windows. If POSIX threads were used everywhere, we could throw
out this complicated API.
</p>
<h2><a name="SEC9" href="#TOC1">FREEING JIT SPECULATIVE MEMORY</a></h2>
<p>
<b>void pcre2_jit_free_unused_memory(pcre2_general_context *<i>gcontext</i>);</b>
</p>
<p>
The JIT executable allocator does not free all memory when it is possible. It
expects new allocations, and keeps some free memory around to improve
allocation speed. However, in low memory conditions, it might be better to free
all possible memory. You can cause this to happen by calling
pcre2_jit_free_unused_memory(). Its argument is a general context, for custom
memory management, or NULL for standard memory management.
</p>
<h2><a name="SEC10" href="#TOC1">EXAMPLE CODE</a></h2>
<p>
This is a single-threaded example that specifies a JIT stack without using a
callback. A real program should include error checking after all the function
calls.
<pre>
  int rc;
  pcre2_code *re;
  pcre2_match_data *match_data;
  pcre2_match_context *mcontext;
  pcre2_jit_stack *jit_stack;

  re = pcre2_compile(pattern, PCRE2_ZERO_TERMINATED, 0,
    &errornumber, &erroffset, NULL);
  rc = pcre2_jit_compile(re, PCRE2_JIT_COMPLETE);
  mcontext = pcre2_match_context_create(NULL);
  jit_stack = pcre2_jit_stack_create(32*1024, 512*1024, NULL);
  pcre2_jit_stack_assign(mcontext, NULL, jit_stack);
  match_data = pcre2_match_data_create(re, 10);
  rc = pcre2_match(re, subject, length, 0, 0, match_data, mcontext);
  /* Process result */

  pcre2_code_free(re);
  pcre2_match_data_free(match_data);
  pcre2_match_context_free(mcontext);
  pcre2_jit_stack_free(jit_stack);

<a name="fastpath"></a></pre>
</p>
<h2><a name="SEC11" href="#TOC1">JIT FAST PATH API</a></h2>
<p>
Because the API described above falls back to interpreted matching when JIT is
not available, it is convenient for programs that are written for general use
in many environments. However, calling JIT via <b>pcre2_match()</b> does have a
performance impact. Programs that are written for use where JIT is known to be
available, and which need the best possible performance, can instead use a
"fast path" API to call JIT matching directly instead of calling
<b>pcre2_match()</b> (obviously only for patterns that have been successfully
processed by <b>pcre2_jit_compile()</b>).
</p>
<p>
The fast path function is called <b>pcre2_jit_match()</b>, and it takes exactly
the same arguments as <b>pcre2_match()</b>. However, the subject string must be
specified with a length; PCRE2_ZERO_TERMINATED is not supported. Unsupported
option bits (for example, PCRE2_ANCHORED and PCRE2_ENDANCHORED) are ignored, as
is the PCRE2_NO_JIT option. The return values are also the same as for
<b>pcre2_match()</b>, plus PCRE2_ERROR_JIT_BADOPTION if a matching mode (partial
or complete) is requested that was not compiled.
</p>
<p>
When you call <b>pcre2_match()</b>, as well as testing for invalid options, a
number of other sanity checks are performed on the arguments. For example, if
the subject pointer is NULL but the length is non-zero, an immediate error is
given. Also, unless PCRE2_NO_UTF_CHECK is set, a UTF subject string is tested
for validity. In the interests of speed, these checks do not happen on the JIT
fast path. If invalid UTF data is passed when PCRE2_MATCH_INVALID_UTF was not
set for <b>pcre2_compile()</b>, the result is undefined. The program may crash
or loop or give wrong results. In the absence of PCRE2_MATCH_INVALID_UTF you
should call <b>pcre2_jit_match()</b> in UTF mode only if you are sure the
subject is valid.
</p>
<p>
Bypassing the sanity checks and the <b>pcre2_match()</b> wrapping can give
speedups of more than 10%.
</p>
<h2><a name="SEC12" href="#TOC1">SEE ALSO</a></h2>
<p>
<b>pcre2api</b>(3), <b>pcre2unicode</b>(3)
</p>
<h2><a name="SEC13" href="#TOC1">AUTHOR</a></h2>
<p>
Philip Hazel (FAQ by Zoltan Herczeg)
<br>
Retired from University Computing Service
<br>
Cambridge, England.
<br>
</p>
<h2><a name="SEC14" href="#TOC1">REVISION</a></h2>
<p>
Last updated: 22 August 2024
<br>
Copyright &copy; 1997-2024 University of Cambridge.
<br>
<p>
Return to the <a href="index.html">PCRE2 index page</a>.
</p>
